全球大宗商品期货及期权分析

㈠ 分析期权与期货交易的共同点和差异，并说明各有什么优势

期权是指在未来一定时期可以买卖的权力，是买方向卖方支付一定数量的金额（指权利金）后拥有的在未来一段时间内（指美式期权）或未来某一特定日期（指欧式期权）以事先规定好的价格（指履约价格）向卖方购买或出售一定数量的特定标的物的权力，但不负有必须买进或卖出的义务。
期权交易事实上是这种权利的交易。买方有执行的权利也有不执行的权利，完全可以灵活选择。 期权分场外期权和场内期权。场外期权交易一般由交易双方共同达成。

期权（Option），它是在期货的基础上产生的一种金融工具。从其本质上讲，期权实质上是在金融领域中将权力和义务分开进行定价，使得权力的受让人在规定时间内对于是否进行交易，行使其权力，而义务方必须履行。在期权的交易时，购买期权的和约方称作买方，而出售和约的一方则叫做卖方；买方即是权力的受让人，而卖方则是必须履行买方行使权力的义务人。 具体的定价问题则在金融工程学中有比较全面的探讨。

期权主要有如下几个构成因素：①执行价格（又称履约价格〕。期权的买方行使权利时事先规定的标的物买卖价格。②权利金。期权的买方支付的期权价格，即买方为获得期权而付给期权卖方的费用。③履约保证金。期权卖方必须存入交易所用于履约的财力担保，④看涨期权和看跌期权。看涨期权，是指在期权合约有效期内按执行价格买进一定数量标的物的权利；看跌期权，是指卖出标的物的权利。当期权买方预期标的物价格会超出执行价格时，他就会买进看涨期权，相反就会买进看跌期权。

按执行时间的不同，期权主要可分为两种，欧式期权和美式期权。欧式期权，是指只有在合约到期日才被允许执行的期权，它在大部分场外交易中被采用。美式期权，是指可以在成交后有效期内任何一大被执行的期权，多为场内交易所采用。
（2）看跌期权：l月1日，铜期货的执行价格为1750 美元／吨，A买入这个权利．付出5美元；B卖出这个权利，收入5美元。2月1日，铜价跌至1 695美元／吨，看跌期权的价格涨至55美元。此时，A可采取两个策略：

行使权利一一一A可以按1695美元／吨的中价从市场上买入铜，而以1 750美元／吨的价格卖给B，B必须接受，A从中获利50美元（1750一1695一5），B损失50美元。

售出权利一一A可以55美元的价格售出看跌期权。A获利50美元（55一5〕。

如果铜期货价格上涨，A就会放弃这个权利而损失5美元，B则净得5美元。

通过上面的例子，可以得出以下结论：一是作为期权的买方（无论是看涨期权还是看跌期权）只有权利而无义务。他的风险是有限的（亏损最大值为权利金），但在理论上获利是无限的。二是作为期权的卖方（无论是看涨期权还是看跌期权）只有义务而无权利，在理论上他的风险是无限的，但收益显有限的（收益最大值为权利金）。三是期权的买方无需付出保证金，卖方则必须支付保证金以作为必须履行义务的财务担保。

期权是适应国际上金融机构和企业等控制风险、锁定成本的需要而出现的一种重要的避险衍生工具，1997年诺贝尔经济学奖授给了期权定价公式（布莱克-斯科尔斯公式）的发明人，这也说明国际经济学界对于期权研究的重视。

期权合约的基本因素

所谓期权合约，是指期权买方向期权卖方支付了一定数额的权利金后，即获得该的在规定的期限内按事先约定的敲定价格买进或卖出一定数量相关商品期货合约权利的一种标准化合约，期权合约的构成要素主要有以下几个：买方、卖方、权利金、敲定价格、通知和到期日等。

期权履约

期权的履约有以下三种情况

1 、买卖双方都可以通过对冲的方式实施履约。

2 、买方也可以将期权转换为期货合约的方式履约（在期权合约规定的敲定价格水平获得一个相应的期货部位）。

3 、任何期权到期不用，自动失效。如果期权是虚值，期权买方就不会行使期权，直到到期任期权失效。这样，期权买方最多损失所交的权利金。

期权权利金

前已述及期权权利金，就是购买或售出期权合约的价格。对于期权买方来说，为了换取期权赋予买方一定的权利，他必须支付一笔权利金给期权卖方；对于期权的卖方来说，他卖出期权而承担了必须履行期权合约的义务，为此他收取一笔权利金作为报酬。由于权利金是由买方负担的，是买方在出现最不利的变动时所需承担的最高损失金额，因此权利金也称作 " 保险金 " 。

期权交易原理

买进一定敲定价格的看涨期权，在支付一笔很少权利金后，便可享有买入相关期货的权利。一旦价格果真上涨，便履行看涨期权，以低价获得期货多头，然后按上涨的价格水平高价卖出相关期货合约，获得差价利润，在弥补支付的权利金后还有盈作。如果价格不但没有上涨，反而下跌，则可放弃或低价转让看涨期权，其最大损失为权利金。看涨期权的买方之所以买入看涨期权，是因为通过对相关期货市场价格变动的分析，认定相关期货市场价格较大幅度上涨的可能性很大，所以，他买入看涨期权，支付一定数额的权利金。一旦市场价格果真大幅度上涨，那么，他将会因低价买进期货而获取较大的利润，大于他买入期权所付的权利金数额，最终获利，他也可以在市场以更高的权利金价格卖出该期权合约，从而对冲获利。如果看涨期权买方对相关期货市场价格变动趋势判断不准确，一方面，如果市场价格只有小幅度上涨，买方可履约或对冲，获取一点利润，弥补权利金支出的损失；另一方面，如果市场价格下跌，买方则不履约，其最大损失是支付的权利金数额。

期权交易与期货交易的关系

期权交易与期货交易之间既有区别又联系。其联系是：首先，两者均是以买卖远期标准化合约为特征的交易；其次，在价格关系上，期货市场价格对期权交易合约的敲定价格及权利金确定均有影响。一般来说，期权交易的敲定的价格是以期货合约所确定的远期买卖同类商品交割价为基础，而两者价格的差额又是权利金确定的重要依据；第三，期货交易是期权交易的基础交易的内容一般均为是否买卖一定数量期货合约的权利。期货交易越发达，期权交易的开展就越具有基础，因此，期货市场发育成熟和规则完备为期权交易的产生和开展创造了条件。期权交易的产生和发展又为套期保值者和投机者进行期货交易提供了更多可选择的工具，从而扩大和丰富了期货市场的交易内容；第四，期货交易可以做多做空，交易者不一定进行实物交收。期权交易同样可以做多做空，买方不一定要实际行使这个权利，只要有利，也可以把这个权利转让出去。卖方也不一定非履行不可，而可在期权买入者尚未行使权利前通过买入相同期权的方法以解除他所承担的责任；第五，由于期权的标的物为期货合约，因此期权履约时买卖双方会得到相应的期货部位。

期权交易的场所：

期权交易场所没有需要特点场所，可以在期货交易所内交易，也可以在专门的期权交易所内交易还可以在证券交易所交易与股权有关的期权交易。目前世界上最大的期权交易所是全球最大的期权交易所 芝加哥期权交易所(Chicago Board Options Exchange, CBOE)；欧洲最大期权交易所是欧洲期货与期权交易所(Eurex)的前身为德意志期货交易所(DTB)与瑞士期权与金融期货交易所(Swiss Options ＆ Financ ial Futures Exchange, SOFFEX)；亚洲方面，韩国的期权市场发展迅速，并且其交易规模巨大，目前是全球期权发展最好的国家，中国香港地区以及中国台湾地区都有期权交易。国内方面，目前有包括郑州商品交易所在内的几家交易所已经对期权在中国大陆上市做出初步研究。

㈡ 国际大宗商品价格走势图怎么分析

国际大宗商品定价的两种方式
期货定价主要适用于可以进行标准化合约处理的大宗商品，但是如果不能对交易数量和质量以及交易时间作出标准化的规定，那么只能通过国际市场上的主要供需双方通过商业谈判来确定价格。
国际大宗商品定价主要有两种方式：一种是通过期货市场首先确定大宗商品的期货合约价格，从而为大宗商品现货贸易提供价格基准。在这种方式下，期货市场成为大宗商品定价的关键。另外一种是大宗商品主要的供需双方通过谈判来确定基准价格，在这种方式下，供需双方的市场结构、实力大小，甚至谈判技巧都会影响大宗商品的价格。
国际上大部分大宗商品如农产品、金属、能源产品都是通过期货市场进行定价的，不同类型的大宗商品逐渐形成了各个基于期货市场的定价中心。如铜、铝、铅、锡等金属的价格主要在伦敦金属交易所确定，大豆、玉米、小麦等农产品的价格主要在芝加哥商品交易所确定，原油等能源的价格主要在纽约商品交易所确定等等。

㈢ 期货和期权各自的优势

对的，不管是什么样的投资都是各有各的优势的，只要你会投资的，就有机会盈利，所以说在宝星环球可以完全实现你这个愿望的

㈣ 「期货研究大宗商品」期权交易如何做好最佳选择

如果选择提前平仓,则获利相对有限。若投资者认为后期不会跌破支撑位,且希望进一步提高获利,可搭配卖出行权价为下方支撑位的看跌期权,

㈤ 期货市场和期权市场有什么区别 说得尽量简单些 谢谢

期货是指现在进行买卖，但是在将来进行交收或交割的标的物。期权是指在未来一定时期可以买卖的权力，是买方向卖方支付一定数量的金额（指权利金）后拥有的在未来一段时间内（指美式期权）或未来某一特定日期（指欧式期权）以事先规定好的价格（指履约价格）向卖方购买或出售一定数量的特定标的物的权力，但不负有必须买进或卖出的义务。

㈥ 国际大宗商品期权交易的发展状况

The History of Futures

The history of futures trading is, in a sense, two histories, both focused on how people have tried to improve the effectiveness of the commercial marketplace. The early story is a tale of how people in an agrarian society used forward contracts (agreements to buy now, but pay and deliver later) as a means of getting farm commodities efficiently from procers to consumers, at established prices and delivery terms, and how those forward contracts evolved into futures contracts. The present day story explains how the futures instry reinvented itself in the latter part of the twentieth century, essentially by redefining the meaning of “commodity,” so that it could accommodate the needs of complex financial markets in a society whose economy was no longer based primarily on agriculture.

The Early Story

Commodity markets have existed for centuries around the world because procers and buyers of foodstuffs and other items have always needed a common place to trade. Cash transactions were most common, but sometimes “forward” agreements were also made – deals to deliver and pay for something in the future at a price agreed upon in the present. There are records, for example, of “forward” agreements related to the rice markets in seventeenth century Japan; most scholars agree that forward arrangements actually date back much farther in time.

The immediate predecessors of futures contracts were “to arrive” contracts. These were simple agreements to purchase designated goods when they arrived by ship, and they were used for centuries when shipping was the primary mode of international trade.

The first organized grain futures trading in the U.S. began in places such as New York City and Buffalo, but the development of “modern” futures, which are a unique type of forward agreement, began in Chicago in the 1840s. With the construction of the railroads, Chicago began to emerge as a center for transportation between midwestern procers and east coast population centers. The city was a natural hub for trade, but the trading that took place there was inefficient and unorganized until a group of Chicago-based business men formed the Board of Trade of the City of Chicago in 1848. The Board was a member-owned organization that offered a centralized location for cash trading of a variety of goods as well as trading of forward contracts. Members served as brokers who facilitated trading in return for commissions.

As trading of forward contracts increased, the Board decided that standardizing those contracts would streamline the trading and delivery processes. Instead of indivialized contracts, which took a great deal of time to negotiate and fulfill, people interested in the forward trading of corn at the Board, for example, were asked to trade contracts that were identical in terms of quantity, quality, delivery month and terms, all as established by the exchange. The only thing left for traders to negotiate was price and the number of contracts.

These standardized forwards were essentially the first modern futures contracts. They were unlike other forwards in that they could only be traded at the exchange that created them, and only at certain designated times. They were also different from other forwards in that the bids, offers and negotiated prices of the trades were made public by the exchange. This practice established futures exchanges as venues for “price discovery” in U.S. markets.

In contrast to customized contracts, standardized futures contracts were easy to trade, since all trades were simply re-negotiations of price, and they usually changed hands many times before expiration. People who wanted to make a profit based on a fortuitous price change, or alternatively, who wished to cut mounting losses as quickly as possible, could “offset” a futures contract before expiration by engaging in an opposite trade: buying a contract which they had previously sold (or “gone short”), or selling a contract which they had previously bought (or “gone long”).

The usefulness of futures trading became apparent, and a number of other futures exchanges were established throughout the country in the decades that followed. The Chicago Butter and Egg Board was founded in 1898 and evolved into Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) in 1919. Futures exchanges also opened in Milwaukee, New York, St. Louis, Kansas City, Minneapolis, San Francisco, Memphis, New Orleans and elsewhere. Chicago, however, became the most influential and predominant location for futures trading in the U.S.

The Era of Financial Futures

Throughout the first seven decades of the twentieth century, the futures instry remained essentially as it had been – focused on the trading of futures on agricultural procts. But a remarkable change occurred in the instry in 1971, with the introction of futures based on financial procts.

A New Concept: Futures on Foreign Currencies

Until 1971, world currencies had been pegged to an international gold standard, but that year the gold standard was abolished and currency values were allowed to “float.” Leaders of CME recognized that a currency whose value was determined by market forces had become a commodity like any other, and therefore futures could be traded on it. There was (and still is) an enormous forward market for currency trading, but until then there were no exchange-traded, standardized futures on currencies. As with futures on agricultural commodities, currency futures offered an opportunity to hedge against risks in price changes, as well as to profit from changes in values. That year, CME formed the International Monetary Market (IMM), initially a separate exchange closely linked to CME, and hosted its first futures trades on foreign currencies.

The notion of trading futures on currencies was highly controversial. But the concept garnered credibility from the support of economist Milton Friedman, who pronounced that the IMM would “enable the world to operate more smoothly and effectively.” Friedman proved correct, and now currency futures have become an integral part of international finance.

Interest Rate Futures

For many people it is one thing to understand the agricultural futures markets and even currency futures, but quite another to begin to imagine futures on interest rates. Like agricultural procts and currencies, however, interest rates – the price of money – vary according to market pressures, and in this sense, they can also be viewed as a type of commodity. Since many businesses are subject to risk as rates change, the futures instry reasoned that interest rate futures could offer opportunities for hedging against rising or falling rates or capitalizing on rate changes, as did futures on other commodities. CME launched its first interest rate proct in 1976 – a 90-day U.S. Treasury bill futures contract – and over the next six years it became CME's most actively traded proct.

CME then proposed trading futures on interest rates paid for U.S. dollars on deposit overseas – bbed “Eurodollars” – and again broke new instry ground by making Eurodollar futures the first futures contract which did not feature an actual or physical delivery but rather used cash settlement. Cash settlement eliminated the difficulty of physically delivering interest obligations, such as Treasury bills or notes, and thereby expanded the range of procts upon which futures could feasibly be traded.

Stock Index Futures

Like currencies, interest rates, and crop prices, stock index values also vary according to numerous market pressures. Changes in index values can positively or negatively affect businesses that depend on them, such as mutual fund companies and pension funds. Stock indexes, then, also fit into the expanded definition of “commodity.” In the early 1980s, stock index values had become the barometers of overall health of the stock markets, and stock index futures drew an immediate audience because they enabled people to trade the values of “the market” without having to own any indivial shares.

CME launched its first stock index futures contract, the S&P 500® contract, in 1982. Stock index traders quickly learned that they could use the futures markets to hedge against falling prices and take advantage of rising prices. When a market move took place, traders could use index futures to either protect their investments or increase their position in the market without having to actually buy or sell stocks. Stock index futures are also appealing in that they are typically less costly and easier to buy and sell than buying and selling shares of hundreds or even thousands of stocks.

Quite clearly, trading futures on stock index levels was a far cry from trading on live cattle or corn. The futures instry, however, led by the innovative thinking at CME, had learned how to expand its markets and to meet the risk management needs of our complex, post-agrarian society. - Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc.

如果追加到200分的话，我可以帮忙翻译。谢谢

㈦ 全球各种指数对期货的影响

各品种之间是有一定的相关性的。
但并非绝对相关性。

铜期货作为一种制造业消费品，其相关性主要和产出国及消费国有关系，而非和所有品种都相关。

比如，铜牛市的出现，前提必须是消费大国经济向好，有刺激消费的计划。
而铜熊市的开始，也必须是消费大国的相关产业泡沫粉碎，才会反应在铜期货上。

所以如果你想通过道氏理论中的一致性原则来验证铜期货，最好参照上证，深证的工业相关指数，道琼斯三十种工业指数这一类消费国指数来进行验证。

㈧ 分析期货与期权的主要区别

简单来说是这样的：
1）期货交易的时候未来的资产；交易双方约定，在未来的某一个确定的时间，以一个确定的价格买进或者卖出资产。
就比如A和B协定，在未来第三个月的第一个星期日，A以10元/股的价格，从B那儿买进100股股票。当到期时，A就付给B1000元，B交割100股股票给A。
2）期权交易的是未来的一种选择权。交易双方中，一方支付另一方期权费，以买入在未来的某一个时期以某一个协定的价格，买入或卖出某一种标的资产的选择权。
就比如，C和D交易一份期权，C花费8元钱从D那儿买入一份期权，这份期权赋予C在未来第三个月的第一个星期，以10元/股的价格买入100股股票的权利。
如果在到期的时候，股票市场价格高于10元，那么C执行期权，以10元每股从D买入股票然后再按市场价卖出，那么就有正的收益；如果到期的时候股票市场价格低于10元，那么C就不执行期权，只损失期权费。

㈨ 这几天，全球大宗商品市场受挫，它的主要原因有哪些目前关于市场的分析又是怎么样的

5月5日，国际油价出现暴跌，纽约原油期货价格下跌近9%，跌破每桶100美元。同时，商品期货也连续两日遭受重挫。在大宗商品暴跌的背后，美元的强劲反弹无疑成为其中最为重要的诱因。

首先，由于美元是国际大宗商品的标价货币，因此，美元的走势与国际大宗商品走势有着天然的负相关关系。从近两个交易日开，美指不断上扬，周四更是报收于74.04，录得逾六个多月来的最大单日涨幅，美元的上涨本身就对大宗商品价格造成了压力。而从大宗商品整体的走势看，CRB指数经历了前两个交易日的下跌后，目前已形成局部的M头形态，技术上也存在下行的压力。

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中国股市高手大赛 实盘持仓揭秘
其次，追寻本轮大宗商品上涨的原因，其根本在于金融危机后美元超发导致的全球通胀的加剧。这种通胀的加剧不仅体现在大宗商品价格的上涨，更体现在大宗商品日益增强的金融属性上。这种金融属性加剧的结果就是大宗商品在资金爆炒的条件下，价格波动的加剧。因此，大宗商品的金融特性可以说在很大程度上放大了美元上涨的利空影响。

再次，从整个世界经济的形势看，随着世界经济缓慢的复苏及全球通胀的不断加剧，各国逐步开始了加息的步伐，随着美国第二轮量化宽松货币政策接近尾声，国际普遍预期随着美国经济的不断好转，美国将不会进行第三轮的量化宽松政策。这意味着，世界各国以宽松货币拉动经济的政策将告一段落，未来应对通胀将成为各国主要的政策目标，这对于大宗商品价格成了强烈的下跌预期，而借由美元的反弹，这种预期也在市场中得到释放。

如果说此次调整将成为大宗商品走势的拐点，可能言之尚早，毕竟当前世界经济的复苏仍不稳定，美联储也尚未明确表示紧缩货币的意图，而昨日欧洲央行在通胀压力不断上涨的情况，依然决定维持利率不变，而中国紧缩货币的政策何时转向仍难确定。因此，大宗商品未来的走势将更多的取决于通胀压力下，各国之间货币政策的博弈。